- Stereogram Timeline
-
- 1960
- Julesz, B. Binocular depth perception of computer generated
patterns. Bell Systems Technical Journal 39, 1125-1162. (First
article considering RDSs)
- 1962
- Julesz, B. and Miller, J. E. (1962) Automatic stereoscopic
stereogram presentation of functions of two variables. Bell
System Technical Journal. 41:663-676; March. Thimbleby (1990)
refers to this article: "Julesz and Miller were the first
to show clearly that a sense of depth could arise purely from
stereopsis, without relying on other cues such as perspective
or contours. they used random patterns of dots which, although
meaningless to single eye viewing, nevertheless created a
depth impression when viewed in a stereoscope."
During the 1960s, a stereogram researcher named Bela Julesz
was the first to use computer-generated 3-D images made up of
randomly placed dots to study depth perception in human
beings. Because the dot pictures did not contain any other
information, like color or shapes, he could be sure that when
his subject saw the picture it was 3-D only.
In the years that followed, other people continued using
random dot stereogram pictures in their work; many of them
were graduate students who studied with Julesz. With time they
found new and better ways to create these interesting
illusions.
- 1963
- Julesz, B Stereopsis and binocular stereogram rivalry of
contours. Journal of Optical Society of America 53, 994-999.
(First article which was accepted in a major US journal)
- 1964
- Julesz, B. Binocular depth perception without familiarity
cues. Science 145, 356-363. (First stereogram paper which was
accepted in a major international journal)
- 1965
- Bela Julez, "Textured and Visual Perception,"
Scientific American, Feb. 1965. A stereogram article on stereo
dot pictures. [George J Valevicius]
- 1966
- N. A. Valyus. Stereoscopy. Focal Press, London and New York.
426 pp. (I have not seen this book, but Boyer,1990 refers to
it to say that Stereographic paintings are almost beyond
possibility.)
- 1968
- Bela Julez. "Experiment in Perception," Psychology
Today, July 1968. Cover story with a full page graphic and a
few smaller ones.
- 1971
- Bela Julesz. Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. Chicago:
Univ. of Chicago Press. I have not seen this book, but
Kinsman,1992 mentions it: "Julesz (1971) describes
photographic techniques producing random dot stereograms in
use in the early 1950s.... Since Julesz, in 1960, was the
first to employ a computer to generate random dot stereograms,
many would consider him the person most responsible for their
popularity today.... Anaglyphs of random dot stereograms...
are presented in the back of Julesz's book, and a pair of the
(half-red/half-green) glasses required to view them is tucked
inside the back cover."
- 1966
- Julesz, B. Binocular disappearance of monocular stereogram
symmetry. Science 153, 657-658. (Disparity cues can be more
powerful than monocular from cues)
- 1971
- Dr. Bela Julesz in "Reading from Scientific American -
Image, Object and Illusion" by W.H. Freeman Publisher
ISBN 0-7167-0505-2 (1971). [Bob Easterly]
- 1976
- Marr, D. and Poggio, T. (1976), Cooperative computation of
stereo disparity, Science, 194:283-287; October 15. Thimbleby
(1990) refers to this article: "[They] discuss stereogram
computational models of the visual processes that are involved
in interpreting random dot stereograms."
- 1977
- Bela Julesz. Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago. xiv, 406 pp. I assume this is the
same book as the 1971 book referenced by (Kinsman,1992). I
think Boyer gave the wrong publication date. Of the book,
Boyer writes:
"The random-dot stereogram is a very inspiring
demonstration of the sophistication and complexity of the
information-processing which occurs in everyday human
vision.... The first extensive studies of random-dot
stereograms were accomplished by Bela Julesz and his
colleagues on large and expensive computers, using
professional programmers, at the Bell telephone
Laboratories." (Boyer,1990)
- 1979
- Marr, D. and Poggio, T. (1979), A computational theory of
human stereogram stereo vision, Proceedings Royal Society of
London, B204, 304:328. Thimbleby (1990) refers to this
article: "[They] discuss computational models of the
visual processes that are involved in interpreting random dot
stereograms."
- 1983
- Schor & Cuiffreda, editors. Vergence Eye Movements:
Basic & Clinical Aspects. One chapter, by Christopher
Tyler including genuine SIRDS. Interestingly, he doesn't say
he invented them. He just calls them "a new type of
stereogram autostereogram designed for free fusion without the
need for a stereoscope or anaglyph glasses". Then he says
the basis is the repetition of a random pattern and refers to
Tyler & Chang, 1977, Vision Res, #17. [Dan Richardson]
- 1985
- Paul S. Boyer. Stereographic stereogram technique for
illustrating geologic specimens. New Jersey academy of
Science, Bulletin, volume 39, no. 2, pp. 83-91. I have not
seen this article, but Boyer,1990 refers to it when speaking
of the DIN 4531 stereogram format.
- 1986
- L. L. Kontsevich. "An Ambiguous Random-Dot Stereogram
Which Permits Continuous Changing of Interpretation,"
Vision Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 517-519. I have not seen
this article, but Kinsman,1992 mentions it: "Kontsevich
(1986) describes a technique for making a series of
tiles." Kinsman presents a "similar stereogram"
that is a SIRDS. If so, this would be the first SIRDS I am
aware of.
- 1987
- Paul S. Boyer. Constructing true stereograms on the
Macintosh. The Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science
Teaching, volume 6, no. 2, pp. 15-22. (I have not seen this
article, but Boyer,1990 refers to it as a detailed article
describing computer stereography.)
- 1988
- Falk, Brill and Stork produce the "Seeing The
Light" stereogram image that Dyckman referenced in his
Stereo World article. [Dan Richardson]
- 1988
- J. Ninio and I. Herlin. "Speed and Accuracy of 3D
Interpretation of Linear Stereograms, Vision Research, Vol.
28, No. 11, pp. 1223-1233. I have not seen this article, but
Kinsman,1992 mentions it: "Ninio and Herlin (1988), and
Slinker and Burton (1992), experimented with stereograms
containing complex patterns [triangles, lines, blotches, and
even images] in their initial noise fields."
- 1989
- Rocca and Stork, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and
Computers, 1989, might be vol 21 number 5. Demonstrats a
little Mac program they wrote to generate SIRDS from MacPaint
files. [Dan Richardson]
- 1990
- Paul S. Boyer, Professor of Geology, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, "Random-Dot Stereograms -- Creating a
stereogram Psychological Phenomenon," STEREO WORLD,
March/April 1990. Creating SIRDS on the Mac.
- 1990
- Tyler, C. W. and Clarke, M. B. (1990) The autostereogram.
SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 1258: 182-196.
Thimbleby (1990) refers to this article: "Recently,
however, Tyler and Clarke realized that a pair of random dot
stereograms can be combined together, the result being called
a single image random dot stereogram (SIRDS) or, more
generally, an autostereogram.... [They] described a simple but
asymmetric altorithm, which meant, for example, that some
people can only see the intended effect when the picture is
held upside-down."
- 1990
- Dan Dyckman, "Single Image Random Dot
Stereograms," STEREO WORLD, May/June 1990. "I was
recently surprised when a friend of mine ... showed me a
random-dot-stereograph that consisted fo a single image,
rather than the usual stereo pair. To view the stereogram
image, one fused two marks within the image, and would see the
words SEEING THE LIGHT."
"Interested readers might consider creating
poster-sized images using this technique, or experimenting
with supplementary gray-level or color values for each pixel.
And, if any reader knows who invented this technique for
single image random dot stereograms, or who created the SEEING
THE LIGHT image, please drop a note to this magazine."
- 1991
- Prior to June 1991 a company named Pentica Systems, Inc (One
Kendall Square, Building 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, Tel.
617-577-1101, Tom Baccei - President) published an
advertisment, "Pentica Loves Puzzles," with a SIRDS
image in it. The magazine may have been EDN--I don't remember.
- 1991
- About June 3, 1991, Pentica mails an information packet to
those responding to the add. In the information Pentica sent
to those responding to the ad, they say, "We discovered
... the technique for generating it in STEREO WORLD."
Four SIRDSs accompany the information, marked "images (c)
1990 by Dan Dyckman."
- 1991
- June 13, 1991, N.E. Thing Enterprises, (One Kendall Square,
Building 200, Cambridge, MA 02139) also mails a stereogram
flyer to those responding to the Pentica ad. The N.E.Thing
address and the Pentica address are the same, as well as the
postal meter number (FMETER 8010560) for the two mailings. The
flyer states, "from the people who created the Pentica
Loves Puzzles Ad.... Because of the unbelievably enthusiastic
response to our random dot stereogram featured in the 'Pentica
Loves Puzzles' ad, we are rushing you this advance notice of
our latest 3D mindbenders." They offered 3 posters,
World's Hardest Maze, The Third Eye, Training Wheels, and a
1992 Calendar.
- 1992
- Andrew A. Kinsman, Random Dot Stereograms, Kinsman Physics,
1992. First printing October 1992. "This history of the
stereogram is a bit elusive. It appears to be intertwined with
anaglyphs, lenticular photographs, and stereoscopic
photographic techniques. Charles Wheatstone described
stereoscopy in 1832. In 1851 the the London Society of Arts
held the Crystal Palace Exhibition, which six million people
attended and potentially witnessed Sir David Brewster
demonstrate the stereogram stereoscope. Stereoscopes became
popular as a result. Kahn (1967), in The Codebreakers,
references an article by Herbert C. McKay, written in the late
1940s, on how to manufacture simple stereograms with a
typewriter for encryption purposes.... Julesz (1971) describes
photographic techniques producing random dot stereograms in
use in the early 1950s. History seems to have recorded no
particular inventor of stereograms. It is quite probable that
soon after parlor-style stereoscopes became popular someone
took a photograph of a camouflaged hunter with a stereo
camera. The subject in the resulting picutre might be
difficult to identify. Viewed stereoscopically with the rest
of their collection, the subject would become obvious."
- 1992
- "This unique synthesis of computer technology and fine
art began simply as an idea between two creative individuals
in 1992. Paul's art background and Mike's computer genious
proved to be the perfect combination of stereogram talents.
Several hundred man hours later, in a remote region of
California, came the first public exposure to Holusion(TM) 3D
Prints. And so NVision Grafix was born." (NVision Grafix
flyer introducing Calypso Reef, 1993.) "Micro Synectic
was Mike Bielinski is NVision...NE Thing and Micro Synectics
are listed in the StareEO demo, because Mike Bielinski wrote
it for NE Thing." (CompuServe messages from Dan
Richardson) "The images are the creation of NVision
Grafix, a Texas-based firm owned by two former fraternity
brothers, Paul Herber and Mike Bielinski. They developed the
Holusion technology while making a poster of the B-2 bomber
for the company where Herber worked as an engineer. The
posters were a huge hit, and soon, Herber and Bielinski had
abandoned their jobs to start up NVision: Herber is the
artist, and Bielinski is the computer whiz.... As NVision has
grown, though so has it's competition. Computer expert Tom
Baccei has created his won "high-tech, three-dimensional
art form" and is
marketing the stereogram images on books, posters, calendars,
puzzles and cards." (Nicole Brodeur, Orange County
Register. As reprinted in The Daily Herald, March 22, 1994)
- 1993
- N.E. Thing begins patent process on several RDS algorithms.
"Salitsky dot" algorithm and the algorithm to
produce an RDS that looses it's colors when viewed in 3D are
apparently two algorithms. I have not seen the patent
applications, but the law requires that they discuss
"prior art." If someone could get copies of these
applications, it would not only describe the algorithms in
detail, it would present a history of SIRDS, to the degree
that N.E. Thing was aware.
- 1993
- Harold W. Thimbleby, Stuart Inglis, and Ian H. Witten,
"Displaying 3d Images: Stereogram Algorithms for Single
Image Random Dot Stereograms," University of Waikato,
Hamilton, New Zealand, published on the Internet. I believe
Stuart mentioned it was being published in an IEEE journal in
1994. I've forgotten which one and when. [See next entry]
- 1994
- Harold W. Thimbleby, Stuart Inglis, and Ian H. Witten,
"Displaying 3d Images: Algorithms for Single Image Random
Dot Stereograms," published IEEE Computer, Oct. 1994
- 1995
- Dan Richardson, "Create Stereograms on your PC".
Dan provides a primer and a collection of PC programs supplied
on a 3.5". Excellent pictures.
- 1996
- Waktins and Mallette, "Stereogram Programming
Techniques". The authors provide a nice collection of
stereogram information, including: stereogram creation,
raytracing, anaglyphs and hand made stereograms.
- 2004
- SandyKnoll Software releases 3d Maker
version 3.2.1 - the latest version of their Stereogram
Software.
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